AGV vs. AMR? — key differences between automatically guided vehicles and autonomous mobile robots
Structure and payload of automated transport vehicles
AMR robots have a compact structure, making them much more maneuverable than, for example, a manually operated forklift. Moreover, they can easily fit into spaces inaccessible to most vehicles — including AGV, such as under a pallet. The shape of the AMR robot and the vehicle's wide payload range are key features that meet the facility's needs. For instance, AIUT's AMR (called AMR Formica) can transport loads ranging from 800 kg to 2 tons (depending on the model). Such a wide range of lifting capacity is possible thanks to the full customization of the solution and the vehicles themselves.
Path planning and movement
AGV vehicles move along predefined paths marked by magnetic, optical, or other floor-based signs. Therefore, AGV navigation systems work best in fixed, repetitive processes, such as transporting pallets along a designated route. In contrast, AMR does not require predetermined paths as they navigate freely in their environment, utilizing technologies like laser navigation supported by Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) or machine vision-based algorithms. AMR robots excel in dynamic environments where variables, like the movement of other resources in a factory, are present. Although the methods of movement differ between AGV and AMR, both require a smooth surface without significant inclines or gaps.
Programmability
As mentioned earlier, AGV moves along fixed paths, executing specific tasks programmed in advance. Changing the route for AGV can be challenging, involving the expansion of magnetic strips in new sections of the track or even the need to reconfigure layouts in the production or warehouse facility. Conversely, AMR robots are flexible in choosing their path, adapting to changing environmental conditions and easily adjusting to new tasks. If the goal is to have a robot perform a variety of tasks, especially different ones for each shift, an easily programmable AMR robot is a better solution.
Implementation, deploying mobile robots in factories
Implementing an AGV system requires larger initial financial investments due to the need to install the appropriate infrastructure, such as magnetic and optical tapes, and set up reflectors or locators on designated routes. In the case of AMR devices, there is a seamless installation with lower costs. This is because it is sufficient for an AMR robot to move around the designated area and create a map of the space.
Navigation of AGV/AMR, mobile robot technology for path planning
AGV uses specific markers or previously marked navigation lines and additional characteristic points for movement. In contrast, AMR navigates relying on advanced technologies such as camera systems, laser sensors, and scanners. Using these technologies, AMR robots understand their surroundings and create a map of the terrain, autonomously choosing the optimal route to reach the designated destination. Unlike AGV, AMR does not require advanced external infrastructure. However, ensuring the visibility of fixed elements in the factory, such as pillars or walls, is essential for AMR to use them as locational anchors and facilitate accurate spatial orientation.
Flexibility and responsiveness of mobile transport robots
AGV robots are ideal for tasks with fixed destination points. Their responsiveness is limited, meaning that if they encounter an obstacle, the robot stops and waits until it is removed. Meanwhile, AMR can automatically avoid obstacles (if possible) and designate an alternative path to reach the predefined destination. Additionally, if an AMR encounters an object on its path, it stops due to collision avoidance capabilities resulting in embedded safety systems.
Scalability
AGV mobile robots are less flexible in terms of easy system expansion, while AMR devices are more scalable, allowing for the easy addition of more units to the system. For example, Qursor, an advanced fleet management system from Aformic, enables simultaneous control of multiple robots. It also allows for cargo transport—handling up to 500 tasks using over 20 mobile robots fleet in just 8 hours. This operating method easily adapts to process efficiency needs. Furthermore, the seamless integration of warehouse execution software (e.g., WMS or MES) with AMR robots from Formica makes them an integral part of the production process.
